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AZ-104 Azure Administrator: Operating Identity, Compute, Storage, and Networks

AZ-104 remains one of Microsoft Azure's central administrator exams because it measures the work that keeps an Azure environment usable after architecture diagrams become real resources. The current blueprint covers identities and governance, storage, compute, virtual networking, monitoring, backup, and recovery. These domains are connected in production: a virtual machine depends on identity and network access, storage needs authorization and resilience, and every workload needs monitoring and lifecycle controls.

The AZ-104 exam is aimed at administrators who implement, manage, and monitor Azure environments. Microsoft expects practical familiarity with the Azure portal, PowerShell, Azure CLI, ARM templates or Bicep, and Microsoft Entra ID. Candidates who have only watched demonstrations often struggle because exam scenarios assume you can reason about scope, configuration precedence, dependencies, and the consequences of changing a live resource.

The best preparation approach is to build a small subscription environment and operate it repeatedly. Create identities, enforce governance, deploy storage and compute, connect networks, introduce a fault, inspect monitoring data, and recover. That sequence develops the administrator mindset: know the desired state, know how Azure represents it, and know which evidence proves that the environment is healthy.

Identity and governance define who can change what, and at which scope

Azure administration begins with control boundaries. Users and groups live in Microsoft Entra ID, while Azure role-based access control determines what identities can do to resources. A role assignment only makes sense when you understand its scope: management group, subscription, resource group, or individual resource. The distinction between identity and authorization is easier to retain when you practice it. Create two groups, assign different roles at different scopes, and use the access-control experience to verify effective permissions rather than guessing from group names.

Governance adds policy, locks, tags, budgets, and management-group structure. The difference between Azure Policy and Azure RBAC is especially important: RBAC answers who may perform an action, while Policy evaluates resource configuration against organizational rules. Build a policy that restricts a resource property, apply a lock to a critical resource, and then observe how those controls affect normal administrative work.

Storage questions become easier when you separate access, durability, and lifecycle. The storage domain combines several decisions that candidates often blur together. Access might use keys, shared access signatures, or identity-based permissions. Durability depends on the selected redundancy model. Blob lifecycle rules control movement between tiers or deletion. Soft delete, snapshots, and versioning protect against different failure patterns. The Azure Blob Storage concepts are easier to learn when each feature is tied to the risk it mitigates rather than memorized as a list.

Create a storage account and test access from two identities. Upload files with Azure Storage Explorer or AzCopy, create a container, generate a constrained SAS, enable a recovery feature, and configure a lifecycle rule. Then deliberately remove or overwrite an object and restore it. The lab makes the distinction between authentication, authorization, data protection, and cost optimization visible in a way that a static study sheet cannot.

Compute administration now spans virtual machines, containers, and App Service

AZ-104 is not only a virtual-machine exam. Candidates need to understand VM sizing, disks, availability constructs, scale sets, container registries, Azure Container Instances, Azure Container Apps, and App Service. The administrator's job is to choose and operate the platform that fits the workload. A traditional server may need OS-level control, a containerized task may be lighter, and a web application can often use App Service without exposing the underlying host.

Practice the same simple application in two deployment models. Deploy it to App Service, then package it as a container and run it through an Azure container service. Compare scaling, networking, certificates, configuration, logs, and operational responsibility. A useful supporting exercise is following a Docker deployment to Azure Container Apps. The comparison turns product names into trade-offs an administrator can explain.

Virtual networking is where small configuration mistakes become large outages

The networking objectives include virtual networks, subnets, peering, public IP addresses, user-defined routes, network security groups, application security groups, Bastion, service endpoints, private endpoints, DNS, and load balancing. These components solve different problems. Routing decides where traffic goes; NSGs decide whether traffic is allowed; name resolution maps names to addresses; private endpoints give PaaS services private network presence. Treating them as interchangeable is a common source of weak exam reasoning.

Build two VNets, connect them with VNet peering, apply NSGs, and test connectivity before and after each change. Add a private endpoint to a storage service and inspect DNS resolution. Then configure a load-balancing scenario and compare it with the wider set of Azure traffic-management options. Troubleshooting becomes much easier when you know which layer each component controls.

Infrastructure as code changes administration from clicking to reproducible state

The current exam expects candidates to interpret, modify, and deploy ARM templates or Bicep files. That does not mean administrators must become full-time developers. It means they should be comfortable expressing infrastructure declaratively, understanding parameters and dependencies, and using repeatable deployments instead of recreating resources manually. Infrastructure as code also makes review and rollback discussions more concrete because configuration can be compared in source control.

Take one environment you built in the portal and export or recreate it in Bicep. Parameterize the resource names and region, deploy a second copy, then change a setting through code. Compare that experience with an ad hoc portal change. Even if you later use Terraform or another tool, the exam-relevant lesson is the same: repeatable infrastructure reduces configuration drift and gives teams a shared representation of desired state.

Monitoring should tell you what changed, what is failing, and who needs to act

Azure Monitor, logs, metrics, alerts, action groups, Insights, Network Watcher, and Connection Monitor form the observation layer of AZ-104. The exam is not asking you to memorize every chart. It expects you to know which signal is useful for a scenario and how to turn that signal into action. Metrics are suited to numeric time-series behavior, while logs enable richer querying and correlation. Alerts become useful only when thresholds, evaluation windows, and recipients are chosen deliberately.

Create an alert around a resource you can safely stress, then inspect the alert lifecycle. Configure diagnostic settings, run a query, and trace a connectivity issue with Network Watcher. Record which evidence helped most. Administrators who practice this way stop treating monitoring as an afterthought and start using it as a feedback system for capacity, availability, security, and troubleshooting.

Backup and recovery require knowing the failure you are trying to survive

A backup is useful only if it can meet the recovery objective. AZ-104 includes Recovery Services vaults, Backup vaults, backup policies, restore operations, Site Recovery, failover, and reporting. These capabilities address different failure modes: accidental deletion, corruption, VM loss, regional disruption, and broader continuity needs. The Azure backup and recovery concepts should therefore be studied with recovery-time and recovery-point expectations attached.

Create a simple backup policy, protect a workload, and perform a test restore. Then map which steps would change if the goal were regional failover rather than file recovery. Document dependencies such as networking, identity, DNS, and application consistency. This makes disaster recovery an architectural process rather than a checkbox. The exam's recovery scenarios become far easier when you can identify the failed component and the required recovery outcome first.

AZ-104 is strongest when studied as one operating model

The Azure Administrator Associate role sits between foundational Azure knowledge and more specialized networking, security, architecture, and DevOps work. That position explains why AZ-104 touches many services without going as deep into each one as a specialty exam. The administrator must understand enough of every layer to deploy safely, recognize ownership boundaries, and escalate with useful evidence.

Build a final capstone subscription with governance, a workload, private networking, storage, monitoring, and backup. Give yourself change requests such as onboarding a team, moving a resource, locking down access, increasing capacity, and recovering from a failure. Each request should force you to use several exam domains together. That integration is a better predictor of readiness than being able to recite isolated feature definitions.

Cost and change control also belong in the administrator mindset. A resource can be technically healthy and still be poorly operated if it is oversized, untagged, deployed in the wrong subscription, or left running without ownership. Use budgets, Azure Advisor signals, tags, and resource organization to make cost visible. Then practice a change that affects both cost and reliability, such as resizing a VM or changing a storage tier. Record the expected impact before the change and verify the actual result afterward.

Troubleshooting practice should follow a repeatable sequence. When access fails, start with identity and authorization, then network path, service configuration, and resource health. When performance degrades, check metrics before changing size. When a deployment fails, inspect the activity log and deployment output before recreating resources. This evidence-first habit matters because Azure exposes many ways to change state; administrators who troubleshoot by trial and error can easily create a second problem while hiding the first.

Before the exam, rebuild the environment once from notes rather than from a step-by-step tutorial. If you cannot remember an exact portal location, use CLI, PowerShell, or documentation and focus on the intent of the task. The exam is testing whether you understand Azure administration, not whether you memorized a visual sequence of clicks. A clean rebuild also reveals gaps in naming, dependency order, permissions, and recovery procedures that passive review rarely exposes.

AZ-104 rewards operational judgment. Learn the controls, but practice them in connected environments where identity, storage, compute, networking, monitoring, and recovery affect one another. If you can explain why a configuration is correct, verify it with Azure evidence, and troubleshoot when it fails, the exam becomes a reflection of administrator work rather than a memorization exercise.

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