Microsoft 70-492 Test Practice Test Questions, Exam Dumps

File	Votes	Size	Date
File Microsoft.Testking.70-492.v2013-07-30.by.Azad.132q.vce	Votes 44	Size 12.58 MB	Date Jul 30, 2013

, and

. Using these elements makes the structure of the web page much clearer to both browsers and assistive technologies like screen readers, which improves accessibility. It also helps with search engine optimization (SEO).

HTML5 also brought significant improvements to web forms. It introduced new input types that provide a better user experience, especially on mobile devices. These include types like email, tel, url, date, and number. When a user on a mobile phone taps on an input with type="email", for example, they are automatically presented with a keyboard that includes the "@" symbol. The 70-492 Exam expected developers to be proficient in using these modern structural and form elements.

Mastery of HTML5 is not just about knowing the new tags. It is about understanding how to use them to create a logical, accessible, and maintainable structure for your web application's user interface. This well-structured document is the canvas upon which you will apply your styles and execute your scripts.

Styling Applications with CSS3

Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) is the language used to control the visual presentation of a web page. The 70-492 Exam required a solid understanding of the new features introduced in CSS3, which gave developers a much greater level of creative control and the ability to create visually engaging experiences without relying on images or JavaScript hacks.

CSS3 introduced a wide range of new properties and advanced selectors. New selectors, such as attribute selectors and pseudo-classes, allowed developers to target specific elements on the page with much greater precision. New visual properties were also added, such as border-radius for creating rounded corners, box-shadow for adding drop shadows to elements, and support for gradients and custom web fonts. These features are now standard in web design.

One of the most transformative aspects of CSS3 was the introduction of transitions, transforms, and animations. Transitions allow you to smoothly animate the change of a CSS property over a period of time, for example, making a button gradually change color when the user hovers over it. Transforms allow you to rotate, scale, and skew elements. Animations provide the ability to create complex, multi-step animations using keyframes.

Most importantly, CSS3 introduced media queries. A media query is a rule that allows you to apply a different set of CSS styles based on the characteristics of the device, such as its screen width or orientation. This is the fundamental technology that powers responsive web design, a crucial skill for the 70-492 Exam and for any modern web developer. Responsive design ensures that your web application looks and functions well on any device.

Building Interactive UIs with JavaScript

JavaScript is the programming language of the web. The 70-492 Exam required developers to be proficient in using JavaScript to transform a static HTML page into a dynamic and interactive application. A solid grasp of core JavaScript concepts is essential for any form of front-end development.

The fundamental role of JavaScript in the browser is to interact with the Document Object Model, or DOM. The DOM is a tree-like representation of the HTML page, and JavaScript can be used to add, remove, or modify any element or content on the page after it has loaded. This is how you can create dynamic user interfaces that respond to user actions without needing to reload the entire page from the server.

Another core concept is event handling. JavaScript can be used to "listen" for user events, such as a mouse click, a key press, or the submission of a form. You can write event handler functions that execute a specific piece of code in response to these events. For example, you could write a function that is triggered when a user clicks a button, which then validates the data in a form and displays an error message if the data is invalid.

The 70-492 Exam tested a developer's ability to use these core JavaScript capabilities to implement client-side logic. This includes form validation, UI manipulation, and creating a more responsive and engaging user experience. A strong foundation in "vanilla" JavaScript is a prerequisite for learning any of the more advanced libraries and frameworks.

Asynchronous Programming with AJAX

One of the most important techniques for building modern, responsive web applications is asynchronous programming, commonly known as AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML). The 70-492 Exam required a solid understanding of this concept. AJAX is not a single technology but a set of techniques that allow a web page to communicate with a server in the background, without interfering with the display and behavior of the existing page.

In a traditional web application, when a user clicks a button to submit data, the entire page is reloaded. With AJAX, you can use JavaScript to send an HTTP request to the server behind the scenes. The server processes the request and sends back data, often in a lightweight format like JSON (JavaScript Object Notation). The JavaScript code can then use this data to update just a small portion of the page, without the need for a full refresh.

This technique is what powers most of the dynamic web applications we use every day, such as social media feeds that load new content as you scroll or mapping applications that load new map tiles as you pan around. The primary browser object used to make these requests, especially in the era of the 70-492 Exam, was the XMLHttpRequest object.

A developer needed to know how to create an XMLHttpRequest, open a connection to a server-side endpoint (like an ASP.NET Web API), send the request, and then handle the response asynchronously using a callback function. This skill is fundamental to creating a fluid and app-like user experience on the web.

Introduction to jQuery

While it is possible to do all client-side development with standard "vanilla" JavaScript, the process can sometimes be verbose and complex, especially when dealing with differences between web browsers. During the time the 70-492 Exam was relevant, the most popular solution to this problem was a JavaScript library called jQuery. A working knowledge of jQuery was an implicit requirement for any web developer at the time.

jQuery's motto was "write less, do more." It provided a simplified and consistent API for performing the most common JavaScript tasks. Its most powerful feature was its selector engine, which allowed you to select DOM elements using CSS-style selectors and then perform actions on them with a single line of code. This made tasks like finding an element, changing its style, or attaching an event handler much more concise.

jQuery also dramatically simplified AJAX. It provided a simple .ajax() function that handled all the complexities of the XMLHttpRequest object, making it much easier to make asynchronous calls to the server. It also included a rich set of utility functions and a vast ecosystem of plug-ins for creating things like image carousels, date pickers, and advanced UI widgets.

While the popularity of jQuery has declined in recent years in favor of modern frameworks, understanding its purpose and its role in the history of web development is important. The 70-492 Exam was from an era where jQuery was the industry standard for building interactive web applications.

Securing the Client-Side Application

Security is a critical concern at every layer of a web application, including the client-side. The 70-492 Exam required developers to be aware of common client-side vulnerabilities and the techniques used to mitigate them. While the most important security controls are implemented on the server, a responsible developer must also practice good security hygiene on the front-end.

One of the most common client-side attacks is Cross-Site Scripting, or XSS. An XSS attack occurs when an attacker manages to inject a malicious script into a web page that is then viewed by other users. This script then runs in the victim's browser and can be used to steal their session cookies or perform other malicious actions. A key defense against this is to always properly encode any user-generated content before displaying it on a page. The Razor view engine in ASP.NET MVC does this by default.

Another important principle is that you should never trust the client. Any validation that you perform on the client-side using JavaScript, such as checking that a required field is filled out, is purely for user convenience. An attacker can easily bypass this client-side validation and send a malicious request directly to your server. Therefore, you must always re-validate all incoming data on the server-side as well.

The 70-492 Exam expected developers to have a security-conscious mindset. This includes an understanding of these common vulnerabilities and the best practices for writing secure front-end code that protects both the user and the application itself.

Modern JavaScript and Frameworks

While the 70-492 Exam was rooted in the technologies of its time, such as jQuery, the world of front-end development has evolved at a rapid pace. To bridge the gap between that knowledge and the current landscape, it is important to understand the role of modern JavaScript and the popular frameworks that dominate development today.

The JavaScript language itself has undergone significant updates. The introduction of ECMAScript 2015 (often called ES6) and subsequent versions added many powerful new features, such as classes, modules, arrow functions, and promises for handling asynchronous operations. These features have made it possible to write much more structured, maintainable, and powerful client-side code.

This evolution has also led to the rise of powerful front-end frameworks like React, Angular, and Vue.js. These frameworks provide a comprehensive structure for building complex Single Page Applications (SPAs). They offer features like component-based architecture, declarative rendering, and state management, which allow developers to build highly sophisticated user interfaces much more efficiently than with older library-based approaches like jQuery.

While the 70-492 Exam did not cover these modern frameworks, the foundational knowledge of JavaScript, the DOM, and AJAX that it did cover is an essential prerequisite for learning them. A developer who understands the core principles can much more easily pick up and become proficient in these powerful modern tools.

Deep Dive into the Model-View-Controller (MVC) Pattern

The ASP.NET MVC framework was the cornerstone of the server-side technologies covered in the 70-492 Exam. A deep and practical understanding of the Model-View-Controller pattern itself is the key to mastering the framework. MVC enforces a clean separation of concerns, which is its primary benefit. It divides the application's logic into three distinct, loosely coupled components, making the entire application easier to develop, test, and maintain.

The Model is the heart of the application. It represents the application's data and contains the business logic for manipulating that data. For example, in an e-commerce application, the Model would include classes for "Product" and "Customer," along with the logic for calculating prices or validating an order. Critically, the Model has no knowledge of the user interface.

The View is responsible for the presentation layer. Its sole job is to take data provided to it by the Controller and render it as HTML for the user's browser. Views are typically "dumb" in that they contain very little logic, aside from simple loops or conditional statements needed to display the data correctly.

The Controller is the orchestrator. It receives incoming HTTP requests from the browser, interprets the user's intent, interacts with the Model to fetch or update data, and then selects the appropriate View to render the response. This clear separation, which was a core concept for the 70-492 Exam, allows different developers to work on the business logic and the user interface simultaneously.

Building Controllers and Actions

In the ASP.NET MVC framework, the Controller is a C# class that is responsible for handling incoming browser requests. A central skill tested in the 70-492 Exam was the ability to create and manage these controllers and their methods. By convention, controller classes reside in the "Controllers" folder of a project and their names end with the word "Controller," for example, ProductsController.

Each public method within a controller class is called an Action Method. Each action method is responsible for handling a specific type of request. For example, a ProductsController might have an Index action to display a list of all products, a Details action to show the details of a single product, and a Create action to display a form for adding a new product.

The routing engine of ASP.NET MVC is responsible for mapping an incoming URL to a specific controller and action method. For example, a request to the URL /Products/Details/5 would typically be routed to the Details action on the ProductsController, with the value 5 being passed as a parameter.

At the end of an action method, you must return an ActionResult. This is an object that tells the framework what to do next. The most common ActionResult is a ViewResult, which tells the framework to render a specific view. Other action results can redirect the user to a different URL, return data in JSON format, or return an HTTP status code. The 70-492 Exam required proficiency in creating these core components.

Crafting Views with Razor Syntax

The View in an ASP.NET MVC application is responsible for generating the HTML that is sent to the user's browser. The 70-492 Exam required developers to be proficient in using the Razor view engine to create these views. Razor provides a clean, concise, and intuitive syntax for embedding server-side C# code directly within an HTML file.

Razor files typically have a .cshtml extension. The syntax is designed to be easy to read and write. You can switch from HTML to C# code by using the @ character. For example, to display the value of a C# variable called productName, you would simply write

@productName

. The Razor engine intelligently parses the file and executes the server-side code to generate the final, pure HTML response.

Razor supports all the standard C# control structures, such as if statements and foreach loops, which are essential for creating dynamic content. For example, you could use a foreach loop to iterate over a list of products passed from the controller and render an HTML table row for each one.

To promote code reuse and a consistent look and feel, Razor supports several key features. Layouts provide a master template for your site's structure (like the header, footer, and navigation). Partial Views allow you to create reusable UI components, such as a product summary card. HTML Helpers are methods that programmatically generate HTML for common elements like forms and input fields. The 70-492 Exam expected a solid grasp of all these Razor features.

Data Management with Models and Entity Framework

The Model in the MVC pattern represents the data of your application. The 70-492 Exam required a strong understanding of how to create model classes and use a technology called Entity Framework to manage the interaction with a database. A model is typically a simple C# class, often called a POCO (Plain Old CLR Object), that has properties corresponding to the data you want to manage. For example, a Product model might have properties for ProductID, Name, and Price.

Manually writing the SQL code to save and retrieve these model objects from a database can be tedious and error-prone. This is where an Object-Relational Mapper, or O/RM, comes in. Entity Framework is Microsoft's flagship O/RM. It allows you to work with your database using your C# model objects directly, without having to write any SQL.

With Entity Framework, you define a DbContext class, which represents your connection to the database. You then use simple LINQ (Language-Integrated Query) statements in your C# code to perform database operations. For example, to retrieve a product, you could write context.Products.Find(id). Entity Framework translates this C# code into the appropriate SQL query, executes it against the database, and then maps the results back into your Product model object.

This "Code-First" approach, where you define your models in code and Entity Framework can create or manage the database schema for you, was a key skill for the 70-492 Exam. It dramatically increases developer productivity and reduces the amount of data access code that needs to be written and maintained.

Routing in ASP.NET MVC

Routing is the mechanism in ASP.NET MVC that is responsible for matching an incoming URL to a specific controller and action method. A solid understanding of how the routing engine works was a key requirement for the 70-492 Exam, as it is fundamental to how the entire framework processes requests. The routing system provides a way to define clean, user-friendly, and search engine-optimized URLs that do not necessarily map directly to physical files on the server.

The routing rules are defined in a central location in the application, typically in a file called RouteConfig.cs. A route is essentially a URL pattern that contains placeholders. A default route is usually configured that looks something like {controller}/{action}/{id}. This pattern tells the routing engine to parse the URL into three segments.

For example, when a request for the URL /Product/Details/5 arrives, the routing engine matches it against this pattern. It determines that the controller is "Product," the action is "Details," and the id is "5." It then invokes the Details method on the ProductsController class, passing 5 as the value for the id parameter.

Developers can define multiple, custom routes to handle different URL patterns. You can also use a feature called attribute routing, where you can define the route for an action method directly on the method itself using a C# attribute. The 70-492 Exam expected developers to be able to read, understand, and define these routing rules to control how their application responds to different URLs.

State Management in Web Applications

The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), which is the foundation of the web, is inherently stateless. This means that each HTTP request from a browser to a server is an independent event. The server does not automatically remember any information from the user's previous requests. However, many web applications need to maintain information, or "state," about a user as they navigate between pages. The 70-492 Exam required knowledge of the different techniques for managing state in ASP.NET MVC.

There are several ways to manage state, each with its own trade-offs in terms of performance, security, and scalability. Client-side techniques store the state in the user's browser. This includes using cookies to store small pieces of information and, in older patterns, using hidden form fields.

Server-side techniques store the state on the server. The most common of these is Session State. When a user first visits a site, the server gives them a unique session ID (usually stored in a cookie). The server can then store data associated with that session ID in its memory. On subsequent requests, the user's browser sends back the session ID, allowing the server to retrieve their session data. Application State is similar but stores data that is shared across all users.

The 70-492 Exam expected developers to understand these different state management options and to be able to choose the appropriate technique for a given scenario. For example, Session State is useful for storing temporary user-specific data like the contents of a shopping cart.

From .NET Framework to .NET Core/ASP.NET Core

While the 70-492 Exam was based on the .NET Framework 4.5 and ASP.NET MVC 5, the Microsoft web development world has since evolved significantly. The modern platform is .NET (formerly .NET Core) and ASP.NET Core. It is crucial for any developer learning these foundational concepts to understand how they bridge to the current platform.

.NET Core was a complete redesign of the .NET Framework. The key difference is that it is open-source, cross-platform (running on Windows, macOS, and Linux), and built for high performance. ASP.NET Core is the corresponding modern web framework. It is much more lightweight, modular, and optimized for cloud and microservices-based architectures.

Fortunately for a developer who has learned ASP.NET MVC, the core concepts are highly transferable. ASP.NET Core still uses the same MVC pattern for building web applications. You still have controllers, actions, models, and views that use the Razor syntax. The routing system is conceptually similar, though it is configured in a new and more flexible way. Entity Framework Core is the modern version of the O/RM.

A developer with a solid foundation in the technologies of the 70-492 Exam would find the transition to ASP.NET Core very natural. The main learning curve would be in understanding the new project structure, the new startup and configuration process (which is much more explicit and code-based), and the built-in support for things like dependency injection.

Creating and Consuming Web APIs

In addition to building user-facing websites with views, a key skill tested in the 70-492 Exam was the ability to create and consume HTTP-based services. The framework for this at the time was ASP.NET Web API. Web API allows you to build services that can be called by a wide range of clients, including Single Page Applications (SPAs), mobile apps, and other back-end systems. It is the primary tool for exposing your application's data and logic programmatically.

Creating a Web API is very similar to creating an ASP.NET MVC application. You create a special type of controller, called an ApiController, which is designed specifically for handling data-centric requests. The methods in an ApiController are also called actions, but instead of returning a ViewResult, they typically return data directly, formatted as JSON or XML.

By convention, the action methods in a Web API are named after the HTTP verbs they respond to. For example, a method named GetProducts would handle an HTTP GET request to retrieve a list of products. A method named PostProduct would handle an HTTP POST request to create a new product. This convention-based approach makes it very easy to create services that follow RESTful principles.

The 70-492 Exam also required knowledge of how to consume these services. This involves using a class like HttpClient in your C# code to make HTTP requests to a Web API endpoint, send data, and then process the response. This skill is essential for building applications that are part of a larger, service-oriented architecture.

Understanding RESTful Principles

When building services with ASP.NET Web API, it is important to follow the principles of Representational State Transfer, or REST. REST is not a technology but an architectural style for building networked applications. The 70-492 Exam expected developers to have a foundational understanding of these principles, as they are the basis for most modern web services.

One of the core principles of REST is to use the standard HTTP methods (verbs) to represent actions. HTTP GET should be used to retrieve a resource. HTTP POST should be used to create a new resource. HTTP PUT should be used to update an existing resource, and HTTP DELETE should be used to remove a resource. This provides a uniform and predictable interface for your service.

Another key principle is that communication should be stateless. This means that each request from a client to the server must contain all the information needed to understand and process the request. The server should not store any client context or session state between requests. This makes the service much more scalable and resilient.

RESTful services also operate on resources, which are identified by URIs (Uniform Resource Identifiers). For example, /api/products/123 would be the URI for the product with an ID of 123. Following these RESTful principles results in APIs that are simple, scalable, and easy for other developers to consume, a key goal for the technologies covered in the 70-492 Exam.

Implementing Security in ASP.NET MVC

Securing a web application is a non-negotiable requirement, and the 70-492 Exam dedicated a significant portion of its objectives to this topic. Application security can be broken down into two main concepts: authentication and authorization. A developer needed to be proficient in implementing both to protect their application and its data.

Authentication is the process of verifying who a user is. This typically involves asking the user for a username and a password. ASP.NET provides a comprehensive framework called ASP.NET Identity to handle this. Identity provides all the necessary components for managing users, passwords, roles, and profiles. It can store user information in a database and handles tasks like password hashing to ensure that passwords are not stored in plain text.

Authorization is the process of determining what an authenticated user is allowed to do. Once you know who the user is, you need to control which parts of the application they can access. In ASP.NET MVC, this is primarily handled using the [Authorize] attribute. You can apply this attribute to an entire controller or to individual action methods.

For example, if you place the [Authorize] attribute on a controller, only authenticated users will be able to access any of its actions. You can also be more specific by specifying roles, for example, [Authorize(Roles = "Admin")]. This would ensure that only users who are in the "Admin" role can access that particular action. The 70-492 Exam required a solid understanding of these fundamental security mechanisms.

Preventing Common Web Attacks

A secure application not only authenticates and authorizes users correctly but also defends against common web attack vectors. The 70-492 Exam required developers to be aware of these threats and to know how to use the features of the ASP.NET framework to mitigate them. Two of the most common attacks are Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) and SQL Injection.

A Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) attack tricks a logged-in user into unknowingly submitting a malicious request to your web application. For example, an attacker could craft a malicious link that, when clicked by an authenticated user, transfers money from their account. ASP.NET MVC has a built-in mechanism to prevent this using anti-forgery tokens. The framework can embed a hidden, unique token in a form, and then validate that token on the server to ensure the request is legitimate.

SQL Injection is an attack where a malicious user enters SQL commands into an input field, hoping that the application will execute those commands against its database. This can be used to steal or destroy data. The best defense against this is to always use parameterized queries. The good news is that if you are using an O/RM like Entity Framework, as was expected for the 70-492 Exam, it automatically uses parameterized queries, making your application much safer by default.

A developer must always have a security-first mindset, which includes being aware of these and other common attacks and knowing how to write code that is resilient to them.

Caching for Performance

The performance of a web application is a critical factor in user satisfaction. The 70-492 Exam included objectives related to improving performance through caching. Caching is the technique of storing frequently accessed data or content in a temporary, fast-access storage location. This avoids the need to repeatedly perform expensive operations, such as querying a database or rendering a complex view.

ASP.NET MVC provides several different caching mechanisms. One of the simplest and most effective is Output Caching. This allows you to cache the entire HTML output of a controller action for a specific period of time. When a request for that action arrives, if a cached version of the output exists and has not expired, the server can send the cached response immediately without executing the action method or querying the database again. This is extremely effective for pages that do not change frequently.

Another form of caching is Data Caching. This allows you to store arbitrary data, such as the results of a database query, in the server's memory. For example, if you have a list of product categories that rarely changes, you could query it from the database once and then store it in the cache. Subsequent requests could then retrieve the list from the fast in-memory cache instead of hitting the database every time.

The 70-492 Exam expected developers to understand these different caching strategies and to be able to apply them appropriately to improve the performance and scalability of their web applications.

Final Thoughts

This journey through the technologies of the retired 70-492 Exam highlights a key truth about a career in software and web development: specific tools and frameworks are constantly evolving, but the fundamental principles are remarkably stable. The challenges of building scalable, secure, and maintainable applications are timeless.

The separation of concerns promoted by the MVC pattern is as important today as it ever was. The need for a rich, interactive user experience built on the foundations of HTML, CSS, and JavaScript is greater than ever. The strategic advantage of leveraging the cloud for scalability and reliability has become the default for new applications.

Your career as a developer will be one of continuous learning. The specific exam number or framework version you learn today will eventually be superseded. However, if you focus on understanding the underlying principles—the "why" behind the "what"—you will build a skill set that is durable and adaptable. The knowledge explored through the lens of the 70-492 Exam is not an endpoint but a solid stepping stone in a lifelong journey of professional growth in the exciting and ever-changing world of web development.