Cisco 300-425 Exam Dumps & Practice Test Questions

Question 1: 

A network engineer is preparing to conduct an office site survey in an area with a 2.5-meter ceiling height. The objective is to strategically place wireless access points (APs) for optimal wireless coverage and performance. 

Which three components are crucial for effectively conducting this survey? (Choose three.)

A. Employ a battery pack to power the APs. 

B. Utilize a floor plan of the office to accurately mark AP and client locations. 

C. Execute a Denial of Service (DoS) attack on APs while evaluating throughput. 

D. Incorporate APs equipped with directional antennas. 

E. Use APs featuring external antennas. 

F. Deploy APs with integrated antennas.

Correct Answer: B, D, E

Explanation:

A comprehensive site survey is paramount for designing and deploying a robust wireless network in an office environment. Its primary aim is to identify the most effective placement of access points (APs) to ensure ubiquitous coverage and meet the network's performance demands. The success of a site survey hinges on the selection of appropriate tools and methodologies.

Why Options B, D, and E are the correct choices:

• B. Utilize a floor plan of the office to accurately mark AP and client locations: A detailed architectural drawing or floor plan of the office space is an indispensable asset during a site survey. This drawing serves as a canvas for the engineer to meticulously plot potential AP locations and anticipate client device placements. By visually mapping these points, the engineer can gain a holistic understanding of the coverage requirements, identify potential signal obstructions such as thick walls, metal partitions, or large pieces of equipment, and ensure that all critical areas receive adequate wireless signal strength. The drawing facilitates iterative planning, allowing the engineer to make informed adjustments to AP positions based on real-time signal measurements.

• D. Incorporate APs equipped with directional antennas: Directional antennas are exceptionally valuable during a site survey due to their ability to concentrate the radio frequency (RF) signal in a specific direction. This focused signal allows the engineer to precisely measure coverage in targeted areas. For instance, in a large open-plan office, a directional antenna can help ascertain signal penetration into cubicles or dedicated meeting rooms, ensuring high signal strength where it's most needed. By minimizing signal propagation into unnecessary areas, directional antennas also contribute to reducing co-channel interference and improving overall signal quality, which is vital for a high-performing wireless network.

• E. Use APs featuring external antennas: Access points with external antennas offer unparalleled flexibility and control during a site survey. Unlike built-in antennas, external antennas are typically detachable, allowing the engineer to easily swap them out or adjust their orientation. This versatility enables the testing of various antenna types (e.g., omnidirectional for broad coverage or directional for focused beams) to determine which configuration provides the optimal coverage pattern for the specific office layout. This adaptability is critical for fine-tuning the network design and ensuring that all areas receive the desired signal quality and throughput.

In summary, for a successful and effective office site survey, a network engineer must prioritize the use of a detailed floor plan for accurate mapping, directional antennas for precise signal targeting, and external antennas for maximum flexibility in optimizing signal coverage. These components collectively provide the necessary tools to achieve an optimal wireless network deployment.

Question 2: 

Which client device should the engineer prioritize using during the survey to guarantee a uniform wireless experience across all network users?

A. The client exhibiting the highest RF properties. 

B. The client most frequently used by the company. 

C. The client least utilized by the company. 

D. The client possessing the poorest RF characteristics.

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

When designing a wireless network, a critical objective is to ensure that all connected devices, regardless of their inherent technical specifications, can achieve seamless connectivity and optimal performance. The site survey plays a pivotal role in validating this design, and the choice of client device used during this survey is paramount. The engineer must account for the varying capabilities of client devices to build a truly robust and universally effective wireless infrastructure.

Why D. The client possessing the poorest RF characteristics is the correct choice:

• Ensuring Coverage for the Weakest Link: The fundamental principle behind using the client with the worst RF (Radio Frequency) characteristics is to design for the "lowest common denominator." This device represents the most challenging scenario for maintaining a stable and strong connection. Such a client might have a lower quality wireless adapter, older Wi-Fi standards (e.g., 802.11b/g instead of newer 802.11ac/ax), weaker internal antennas, or less efficient power management, all of which contribute to poorer RF performance. By ensuring that this device can connect reliably and perform adequately throughout the intended coverage area, the engineer inherently guarantees that all other devices with superior RF characteristics will also function optimally. This proactive approach helps to identify and mitigate potential dead zones or areas of weak signal strength that would specifically impact less capable devices.

• Guaranteeing a Consistent User Experience: The goal of a well-designed wireless network is a consistent and predictable user experience for everyone. If the network is optimized only for the best-performing devices, users with less capable hardware will inevitably encounter issues like dropped connections, slow speeds, and high latency. By focusing on the worst-performing client during the survey, the engineer can pinpoint areas where signal strength might be marginally acceptable for high-end devices but completely insufficient for others. This allows for strategic placement of access points or adjustments to power levels to elevate the baseline performance for all clients, thereby ensuring a truly consistent and satisfactory experience across the entire user base.

• Future-Proofing the Network: While newer, more powerful client devices will continually be introduced, older or less capable devices often remain in use for extended periods. Designing the network to accommodate the limitations of the "worst-case" client inherently builds in a margin of safety. This makes the network more resilient to the introduction of diverse client types in the future, from legacy equipment to emerging IoT devices, without requiring significant re-engineering.

In essence, by strategically using the client with the poorest RF characteristics during a wireless site survey, the engineer adopts a robust and inclusive design methodology. This ensures that the resulting wireless network delivers reliable performance and a consistent user experience for the entire spectrum of devices, from the most advanced to the most modest.

Question 3:

Given a measured signal level of -67 dBm, which data rate is recommended for achieving optimal VoWLAN performance?

A. 6 Mbps on 802.11 bgn 

B. 24 Mbps on 802.11 bgn 

C. 12 Mbps on 802.11 an 

D. 24 Mbps on 802.11 an

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

In a predictive site survey, the engineer's objective is to meticulously plan the wireless network's coverage and ensure it will adequately support the performance requirements for both data and Voice over WLAN (VoWLAN) services. VoWLAN, in particular, demands a highly reliable connection with minimal latency and jitter to ensure crystal-clear call quality. The selection of the appropriate data rate is a critical factor, heavily influenced by signal strength and the Wi-Fi standard in use.

Why -67 dBm Signal Level is Important:

A signal level of -67 dBm is generally considered an excellent signal strength for VoWLAN applications. This level falls comfortably within the acceptable range for clear and stable voice communication, significantly reducing the likelihood of excessive packet loss, dropped calls, or interference. At this signal strength, the network is well-positioned to effectively handle both voice and data traffic. However, merely having a good signal isn't enough; selecting the correct data rate is crucial for optimizing the network's overall performance for real-time voice.

Why D. 24 Mbps on 802.11an is the Correct Answer:

• Higher Throughput and Efficiency for VoWLAN: For a network supporting VoWLAN, prioritizing higher data rates is essential to accommodate both concurrent voice calls and high-speed data transfer without compromising quality. The 802.11an standard operates primarily in the 5 GHz band, which generally offers more available channels and less interference compared to the crowded 2.4 GHz band. A data rate of 24 Mbps on 802.11an represents a "sweet spot" at a -67 dBm signal level. 

• Advantages of the 802.11an Standard: The 802.11an (part of Wi-Fi 4) standard, operating in the 5 GHz band, inherently supports higher theoretical maximum data rates and greater efficiency compared to the older 802.11bgn standards. The 5 GHz band, with its wider channels and often less congested spectrum, is far more suitable for high-density deployments and real-time applications like VoWLAN. While 802.11n also operates in 5 GHz, 802.

Why Other Options Are Incorrect:

• A. 6 Mbps on 802.11 bgn: This data rate is very low and typically associated with older 802.11b/g standards. While it might technically support voice in ideal, low-traffic scenarios, it is utterly insufficient for a modern mixed-use network requiring high-speed data and reliable VoWLAN. It would inevitably lead to severe congestion, high latency, and poor call quality, making it an unacceptable choice for this design.

• B. 24 Mbps on 802.11 bgn: While 24 Mbps can be achieved on 802.11gn, particularly in the 2.4 GHz band or on some 5 GHz 802.11n configurations, it doesn't offer the same level of spectral efficiency or performance reliability as 802.11an in the 5 GHz band. The 2.4 GHz band is prone to more interference from non-Wi-Fi devices (e.g., microwaves, Bluetooth), making it less ideal for critical VoWLAN services, even at higher data rates.

• C. 12 Mbps on 802.11 an: While 12 Mbps is a valid data rate for 802.11an, it is significantly lower than the 24 Mbps option. Given a strong signal level of -67 dBm, the network can comfortably support a higher, more efficient data rate. Choosing 12 Mbps would underutilize the available signal quality and could lead to less optimal performance, especially when multiple voice calls and data streams are present simultaneously. For high-speed data and low-latency VoWLAN, a higher data rate is always preferable when signal conditions allow.

Therefore, for optimal VoWLAN performance in an indoor office setting with a -67 dBm signal level, the recommendation of 24 Mbps on 802.11an is the most appropriate. This combination ensures high throughput, efficient spectrum utilization, and the necessary reliability for both data and voice communication, critically maintaining the quality of service for real-time applications.

Question 4:

These links are vital for data transmission across the network, and the customer requires clarification on the specific type of encryption employed to safeguard data integrity and confidentiality over these connections. 

Which encryption standard is utilized for securing the backhaul link in a mesh network?

A. Hash 

B. AES 

C. WEP 

D. 3DES

Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

In a mesh network, individual nodes (typically wireless access points or specialized mesh routers) collaborate to form a self-configuring, self-healing network infrastructure. This design allows for extended coverage and robust connectivity, making it suitable for large areas or environments where traditional cabling is impractical. The "backhaul links" are the wireless connections between these mesh nodes, responsible for relaying data across the network and often to the internet or a central wired backbone. 

Why B. AES is the Correct Answer:

• AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) as the Industry Standard: AES is the cryptographic algorithm of choice for securing virtually all modern wireless communications, including the backhaul links in mesh networks. It is a symmetric-key encryption standard adopted by the U.S. government and widely recognized globally for its robustness and security. AES supports key sizes of 128, 192, or 256 bits, offering a very high level of encryption strength that is resistant to brute-force attacks and other known cryptographic vulnerabilities.
  
  

• Integration with Modern Security Protocols: AES is the cornerstone of Wi-Fi Protected Access 2 (WPA2) and Wi-Fi Protected Access 3 (WPA3), which are the current and most secure security protocols for wireless networks. When mesh networks implement WPA2 or WPA3 for their internal communications, AES is the underlying encryption engine. This ensures that the communication paths between mesh nodes are encrypted using this advanced standard, providing comprehensive data protection from the moment data enters the mesh network until it reaches its destination or exits the mesh.

Why Other Options Are Incorrect:

• A. Hash: Hashing is a cryptographic function used to generate a fixed-size string of characters (a hash value or digest) from data. Its primary purpose is to ensure data integrity and verify authenticity, meaning it can detect if data has been tampered with. However, hashing is a one-way function and does not provide encryption. You cannot reverse a hash to retrieve the original data. Therefore, while hashing might be used alongside encryption for integrity checks, it does not encrypt the backhaul link itself.
  
  

• C. WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy): WEP is an antiquated encryption protocol that was one of the earliest security standards for wireless networks. Unfortunately, WEP has been thoroughly compromised and is considered highly insecure. Its fundamental design flaws, such as predictable initialization vectors and weak key management, make it vulnerable to various attacks (e.g., FMS attack, dictionary attacks), allowing an attacker to easily decrypt WEP-protected traffic. Using WEP for any modern network, especially for critical backhaul links, would be a severe security oversight and is strongly discouraged.

In conclusion, to guarantee the robust security of backhaul links in a mesh network, AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) is the indispensable encryption method. Its high level of security, efficiency, and ubiquitous adoption in contemporary wireless technologies make it the premier choice for safeguarding data transmission between mesh nodes, thereby establishing a secure and trustworthy communication channel resistant to unauthorized access and cyber threats.

Question 5:

In which two specific areas within a hospital is the engineer most likely to encounter significant sources of 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz RF noise? (Choose two.)

A. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 

B. Kitchen 

C. Gamma Knife radiation treatment 

D. X-ray radiography 

E. Patient room

Correct Answers: A, B

Explanation:

In a hospital setting, reliable and uninterrupted wireless connectivity is absolutely vital for patient care, medical device operation, and staff communication. Wireless site surveys are therefore critical to identify and mitigate any sources of radio frequency (RF) noise that could impede network performance, especially in the commonly used 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz Wi-Fi bands. Understanding where these Layer 1 interferers are likely to originate is crucial for effective network planning and troubleshooting.

Why A and B are the Correct Answers:

• A. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): MRI machines are notorious sources of significant RF interference, particularly within the 2.4 GHz band. The operational principle of MRI involves the use of powerful magnetic fields and radio frequency pulses to generate detailed images of internal body structures. While the primary RF signals used by MRI are precisely controlled for imaging, secondary emissions, harmonics, or even stray RF energy can radiate into the surrounding environment.

• B. Kitchen: Hospital kitchens, or any communal kitchen areas within a medical facility, are frequently hotbeds of 2.4 GHz RF interference due to the presence of microwave ovens. Microwave ovens operate by generating electromagnetic radiation at approximately 2.45 GHz, which falls squarely within the 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi band. When a microwave oven is in use, its emissions can be quite powerful and can severely disrupt Wi-Fi signal less impactful, might also contribute to general electromagnetic noise. locations to investigate for Wi-Fi interference.

Why C, D, and E Are Incorrect:

• C. Gamma Knife Radiation Treatment: Gamma Knife treatment is a highly specialized form of radiosurgery that uses precisely focused beams of gamma radiation to treat conditions, primarily in the brain. The technology relies on ionizing radiation, not radio frequency emissions in the Wi-Fi spectrum (2.4 GHz or 5 GHz). 

• D. X-ray Radiography: X-ray machines produce ionizing radiation for diagnostic imaging. Similar to Gamma Knife technology, the electromagnetic energy generated by X-ray machines operates at significantly higher frequencies than those used by Wi-Fi (in the X-ray and gamma-ray portions of the electromagnetic spectrum).

In summary, for network engineers conducting wireless site surveys in hospitals, the most probable and significant sources of 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz RF noise are Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) machines due to their high-power RF operations and kitchens due to the pervasive use of microwave ovens. Recognizing these key interference sources is critical for proactive network design and ensuring a robust and reliable wireless infrastructure throughout the medical facility.

Question 6:

Which three pieces of equipment are indispensable for successfully executing a fully measured wireless survey? (Choose three.)

A. PoE battery 

B. Spirit level 

C. Access point 

D. Tall tripod 

E. Goggles 

F. Ladder

Correct Answers: B, C, F

Explanation:

Conducting a fully measured wireless site survey is a methodical process that requires specific equipment to accurately assess the radio frequency (RF) environment and determine optimal access point (AP) placement. The objective is to gather empirical data on signal strength, coverage patterns, and potential interference, leading to a well-optimized wireless network design. The choice of tools directly impacts the accuracy and reliability of the survey results.

Why B, C, and F are the Correct Answers:

• B. Spirit Level: A spirit level, also known as a bubble level, is a surprisingly critical yet often overlooked tool in a precise wireless site survey. Its purpose is to ensure that the access points (APs) and any measurement antennas are perfectly horizontal or vertical during data collection. Any tilt or misalignment can significantly distort signal strength readings, particularly in complex RF environments where antenna patterns are sensitive to orientation. 

• C. Access Point: An actual access point (AP) is absolutely indispensable for a fully measured wireless survey. The survey essentially involves simulating the deployment of a wireless network. By strategically placing a survey AP (often referred to as a "test AP" or "AP on a stick") at various potential locations, the engineer can actively measure the signal strength, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and throughput from the perspective of a live AP.

• F. Ladder: A ladder is a practical and essential tool for safely and effectively positioning the survey access point (AP) at the appropriate height during the survey. In most commercial or office environments, wireless APs are intended to be mounted on ceilings or high on walls to optimize coverage and minimize obstructions. A ladder allows the engineer to reach these elevated positions to place the temporary AP accurately.

In essence, to conduct a rigorous and accurate fully measured wireless site survey, the indispensable tools include a spirit level for precise equipment orientation, an access point to generate measurable RF signals, and a ladder for optimal AP placement at representative heights. These three components form the bedrock for gathering reliable data and designing a high-performing wireless network.

Question 7:

When conducting this type of survey, which two design capabilities of smartphones and tablets must be carefully considered? (Choose two.)

A. Lack of support for 802.11ac 

B. Superior data rates compared to laptops 

C. Fewer internal antennas than laptops 

D. Absence of support for 802.11r 

E. Inferior data rates compared to laptops

Correct Answers: C, E

Explanation:

When designing a wireless network for real-time traffic, such as Voice over IP (VoIP) or video conferencing, it's paramount to understand the capabilities and limitations of the client devices that will connect to it. Smartphones and tablets, despite their pervasive use, often have distinct design characteristics compared to traditional laptops that can significantly impact their performance with bandwidth-sensitive, latency-intolerant applications. A thorough site survey must account for these differences to ensure a truly seamless user experience.

Why C and E are the Correct Answers:

• C. Fewer internal antennas than laptops: Smartphones and tablets, due to their compact form factor and emphasis on portability, typically incorporate fewer internal antennas compared to most laptops. Laptops often feature multiple internal antennas (e.g., 2x2, 3x3, or even 4x4 MIMO configurations), which allow them to take full advantage of Multiple Input, Multiple Output (MIMO) technology. MIMO significantly enhances wireless performance by enabling simultaneous transmission and reception of multiple data streams, leading to higher throughput, better signal robustness, and improved range.

• E. Lower data rates than laptops: Directly related to having fewer antennas, smartphones and tablets generally achieve lower peak data rates compared to laptops. While modern mobile devices support the latest Wi-Fi standards (like 802.11ac or 802.11ax), their physical constraints (smaller antennas, less powerful radios, and often less sophisticated MIMO implementations) often prevent them from reaching the same maximum throughput as a laptop in similar conditions. For real-time applications like video calls or VoIP, sustained high data rates and low latency are critical.

In summary, when performing a site survey for real-time traffic, the engineer must critically assess the inherent design constraints of smartphones and tablets, specifically their fewer internal antennas and consequently lower achievable data rates compared to laptops. Accounting for these differences during the survey allows for a robust network design that ensures reliable and high-quality real-time services across the entire spectrum of client devices.

Question 8: 

The survey is indispensable for identifying and mitigating any potential obstructions or environmental factors that could detrimentally affect the performance of the wireless link. 

Which two factors are absolutely essential to consider when conducting an outdoor wireless bridge site survey? (Choose two.)

A. Near-far effect 

B. Weather 

C. Traffic lights 

D. Power lines 

E. Fresnel zone

Correct Answers: B, E

Explanation:

Establishing a reliable and high-performing outdoor wireless bridge link, which connects two distant points, demands meticulous planning and a thorough site survey. Unlike indoor surveys, outdoor surveys contend with a unique set of environmental challenges that can significantly impact signal propagation and link integrity. The primary goal is to ensure a clear and unobstructed path for the wireless signal, minimizing attenuation and interference.

Why A, C, and D Are Incorrect:

• A. Near-far effect: The near-far effect is a phenomenon primarily relevant in multi-point wireless systems where multiple transmitters communicate with a single receiver (e.g., in a cellular network or a mesh network). It occurs when a strong signal from a nearby transmitter overwhelms the receiver, making it difficult to decode weaker signals from more distant transmitters. In a point-to-point wireless bridge link, where there are typically only two transceivers communicating directly, the near-far effect is not a primary or significant concern.

• C. Traffic lights: Traffic lights are electrical devices that might produce very localized electromagnetic interference (EMI) in some instances, but they are generally not a significant source of RF noise that would impact the performance of a long-range outdoor wireless bridge link. Their operational frequency and power levels are not typically high enough to cause broadband interference across the Wi-Fi or licensed microwave spectrums used for bridges.

• D. Power lines: High-voltage power lines can indeed generate electromagnetic interference (EMI) due to corona discharge or arcing, which can impact wireless signals. However, while they are a consideration, their impact is typically localized or requires the wireless link to pass directly through or very close to the power line infrastructure. They are generally less pervasive and impactful across the entire link path than widespread weather phenomena or the ubiquitous need for Fresnel zone clearance.

In conclusion, for a successful outdoor wireless bridge site survey, the two most critical factors to meticulously consider are the prevailing weather conditions, which can cause significant signal attenuation, and ensuring a clear Fresnel zone, which is vital for maintaining a strong, direct, and interference-free line-of-sight signal path. These factors directly dictate the reliability and performance of the wireless link over long distances.

Question 9:

What is the minimum wireless coverage requirement that the engineer should target in this design to effectively meet the demanding needs of both data and voice services?

A. Overlapping -72 dBm coverage from two access points 

B. Continuous -67 dBm coverage from one access point 

C. Continuous -72 dBm coverage from one access point 

D. Overlapping -67 dBm coverage from two access points

Correct Answer: D

Explanation:

Designing a wireless network for a medical treatment environment is exceptionally demanding, as it directly impacts patient safety, operational efficiency, and the delivery of critical healthcare services. Such an environment requires not only high-speed data capabilities but also highly reliable Voice over WLAN (VoWLAN) for crucial communication among medical staff. 

Why D. Overlapping -67 dBm coverage from two access points is the Correct Answer:

• Meeting VoWLAN Requirements (Signal Strength): For VoWLAN, a minimum Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) of -67 dBm is the widely accepted standard. This signal level provides sufficient signal quality for clear voice communication, minimizing the risk of dropped calls, choppy audio, or excessive retransmissions. Achieving -67 dBm ensures that devices, even those with weaker radio characteristics (like some medical devices or older smartphones), can maintain a stable and high-quality voice connection.

• Ensuring Redundancy and Seamless Roaming (Overlapping Coverage): The concept of "overlapping coverage from two access points" is crucial for high-reliability environments like hospitals.

• Supporting Data and Voice Simultaneously: While -67 dBm is specifically for voice, achieving this level of signal strength and density (overlapping coverage) inherently provides a robust foundation for high-speed data services as well. A network designed for demanding VoWLAN will readily support data applications, ensuring that medical imaging, electronic health records (EHRs), and other data-intensive applications perform optimally.

Therefore, the optimal minimum wireless coverage requirement for a medical treatment environment supporting both data and VoWLAN services is overlapping -67 dBm coverage from two access points. This ensures robust signal quality for voice, provides critical redundancy, and facilitates seamless mobility, all of which are essential for maintaining uninterrupted medical workflows and patient care.

Question 10:

Which three of the following actions are most appropriate for the wireless engineer to take to address these observed issues during the post-deployment phase? (Choose three.)

A. Implement Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS) on all 5 GHz access points. 

B. Adjust Radio Resource Management (RRM) transmit power levels to increase cell size and reduce AP density. 

C. Configure Quality of Service (QoS) profiles on the WLANs to prioritize voice and video traffic. 

D. Conduct a detailed Layer 1 site survey to identify and mitigate non-802.11 interference sources. 

E. Enable client load balancing on the Wireless LAN Controller (WLC) for the high-density WLAN. 

F. Perform a new predictive site survey with updated wall attenuation values.

Explanation

The Cisco 300-425 (Designing Cisco Enterprise Wireless Networks) exam focuses on a candidate's ability to design robust and highly available enterprise wireless networks. This question tests knowledge across several key areas, including wireless site surveys, wired and wireless infrastructure, and designing for real-time applications and high-density environments.

Let's break down each option and evaluate its appropriateness for the given scenario during a post-deployment site survey:

• Relevance: DFS is a mechanism used in 5 GHz Wi-Fi to avoid interference with radar systems by dynamically changing channels if radar signals are detected. While important for regulatory compliance and preventing interference with radar, it does not directly address the symptoms described (frequent disconnections, jitter/latency for VoWi-Fi, low throughput, and non-Wi-Fi interference, specifically on the 2.4 GHz band as stated in point 4). If DFS channels were already being used, sudden channel changes due to radar detection could cause temporary disruptions, but the problem description points to more persistent issues. Therefore, while DFS is a general consideration for 5 

• Relevance: RRM automatically adjusts AP transmit power and channel assignments. Increasing cell size and reducing AP density in a high-density environment like a lecture hall would be counterproductive. High-density deployments require smaller cell sizes and higher AP density to provide sufficient capacity and signal strength to a large number of clients. Reducing density would exacerbate the issues of disconnections, low throughput, and poor performance for real-time applications due to increased co-channel interference and lower signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for clients. This action would worsen the situation.

• Relevance: Highly appropriate. The scenario explicitly mentions problems with real-time applications (video conferencing, VoWi-Fi) suffering from jitter and latency. QoS is designed precisely to address these issues by prioritizing critical traffic over less time-sensitive data. Implementing proper QoS profiles ensures that voice and video packets receive preferential treatment, reducing delays and improving call quality even under heavy network load. This is a fundamental design principle for supporting real-time applications in wireless networks.

These three actions directly address the symptoms described in the post-deployment phase and align with best practices for designing and troubleshooting high-density wireless networks supporting real-time applications.